| 题号 | 题型 | 我的答案 | 正确答案 | 结果 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q28 | 填空题 | ii (The development of market-based health systems) | iv | |
| Q31 | 填空题 | iv (A problem shared by every economically developed country) | v | |
| Q34 | 填空题 | B (between 1950 and 1980) | A | |
| Q35 | 填空题 | A (between 1945 and 1950) | B | |
| Q36 | T/F/NG | YES | NO | |
| Q37 | T/F/NG | NO | TRUE | |
| Q38 | T/F/NG | NOT GIVEN | TRUE | |
| Q39 | T/F/NG | YES | NOT GIVEN |
Paragraph A 的标题
"Every health system in an economically developed society is faced with the need to decide... what proportion of the community's total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned..."
Paragraph E 的标题
"The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes..."
a belief that all the health-care resources the community needed would be produced by economic growth
"Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the 'invisible hand' of economic progress would provide."
an acceptance of the role of the state in guaranteeing the provision of health-care
"Although the language of 'rights' sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognized in most societies that people have a right to health-care... It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse."
Personal liberty and independence have never been regarded as directly linked to health-care.
"People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of autonomy."
"in a liberal society basic health is seen as one of the indispensable conditions for the exercise of personal autonomy."
Health-care came to be seen as a right at about the same time that the limits of health-care resources became evident.
C 段开头："However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-care..."
"Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state."
In OECD countries population changes have had an impact on health-care costs in recent years.
"The second set of more specific changes... stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elderly people are now major (and relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care resources."
demographic = 人口的、人口统计学的。这是 538 考点词（第 3 类），你没认出来它就是 "population changes" 的同义替换。OECD governments have consistently underestimated the level of health-care provision needed.
B 段："it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any community could be satisfied"
E 段："health costs increased from 3.8% of GDP in 1960 to 7% of GDP in 1980..."
E 段："a kind of doomsday scenario was projected by health administrators, economists and politicians"
consistently（一直、持续地）在原文中找不到对应。原文说的是早期有过错误假设，后来意识到了问题——这不等于"一直低估"。underestimated 也是你的推理——原文说 "assumed without question that... could be satisfied"，这是"假设够用"，不完全等于"低估需求水平"。consistently、always、never 这类绝对词时，原文必须有同等强度的表述才能选 YES。没有→倾向 NG。| 问题类型 | 具体表现 | 错题 | 改进方法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 忽略题目关键否定词 | 题目有 "never" 没看到，直接按肯定意思理解 | Q36 | 读题时圈出所有否定词（never/no/not/hardly），理解后再看原文 |
| 同义替换没识别 | demographic = population changes 没认出来 | Q38 | demographic 是 538 考点词，必须记住 |
| 时间定位粗糙 | 不看具体时间修饰语，靠段落位置猜时间段 | Q34, Q35 | Classify 时间题必须找到每个事件的精确时间标记，同一段可能跨多个时间段 |
| 原文明确表述被判反 | "at exactly the same time" 判成了 NO | Q37 | 原文出现明确时间/程度词要直接对应，不要自行"质疑"原文 |
| 过度推理选 YES | 把"早期乐观假设"推理为"一直低估" | Q39 | 见到 consistently/always/never 等绝对词，必须在原文找到同强度证据 |
| 标题匹配不精准 | 把"资源分配问题"理解成"市场体系"；iv/v 选项分配错误 | Q28, Q31 | 先做最确定的段落锁定选项，再排除法分配剩余 |
| 原文表达 | 题目/选项表达 | 中文 | 题号 |
|---|---|---|---|
at exactly the same time | at about the same time | 大约在同一时间 | Q37 |
demographic (and social) changes | population changes | 人口变化 | Q38 |
the finite character of... resources | limits of... resources | 资源的有限性 | Q37 |
generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure | role of the state in guaranteeing | 国家保障的角色/义务 | Q35 |
basic health-care is a condition of the exercise of autonomy | directly linked to health-care | 与医疗直接相关 | Q36 |
personal liberty / self-determining | personal liberty and independence | 个人自由与独立 | Q36 |
the 'invisible hand' of economic progress would provide | produced by economic growth | 由经济增长提供 | Q34 |
in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War | between 1945 and 1950 | 二战结束后的几年 | Q34 |
dramatic rise in health costs | sharp rise in the cost of health-care | 医疗成本急剧上升 | Q33 |
indispensable conditions for the exercise of personal autonomy | directly linked to liberty | 行使个人自主权的必要条件 | Q36 |
| 词汇 | 释义 | 雅思高频 | 真题出现 |
|---|---|---|---|
| apportion /əˈpɔːʃən/ | v. 分配，分摊 | — （COCA 4000+） | 剑4T4P3 |
| demographic /ˌdeməˈɡræfɪk/ | adj. 人口的，人口统计学的 | 538考点词（第3类） | 剑4T4P3 |
| finite /ˈfaɪnaɪt/ | adj. 有限的 | 538考点词（第3类），同义替换 limited | 剑4T4P3 |
| autonomy /ɔːˈtɒnəmi/ | n. 自主权，自治 | — （COCA 2000+，学术高频） | 剑4T4P3 |
| autonomous /ɔːˈtɒnəməs/ | adj. 自主的，自治的 | — （同 autonomy） | 剑4T4P3 |
| exhaustible /ɪɡˈzɔːstəbl/ | adj. 可耗尽的 | — （exhausted 538 第3类） | 剑4T4P3 |
| obligation /ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃən/ | n. 义务，责任 | 538考点词（第3类），同义替换 responsibility | 剑4T4P3 |
| indispensable /ˌɪndɪˈspensəbl/ | adj. 不可或缺的 | — （COCA 3000+，学术高频） | 剑4T4P3 |
| provision /prəˈvɪʒən/ | n. 提供；规定；条款 | 538考点词（第2类 #36 supplement 的同义词） | 剑4T4P3 |
| scenario /sɪˈnɑːriəʊ/ | n. 场景，方案，设想 | — （COCA 1500+，学术高频） | 剑4T4P3 |
| doomsday /ˈduːmzdeɪ/ | n. 世界末日 | — | 剑4T4P3 |
| clientele /ˌkliːɒnˈtel/ | n. 客户群，顾客群 | — | 剑4T4P3 |